A underground Santa Gift Idea - 25 Surreptitous Holiday Gifts

Just this past year, I needed a inexpressive Santa gift idea when my husband's house tried out a form of the inexpressive Santa gift exchange. In the end, we did tell our identities to each other, so the secrets were out. It turned out to be a fun way to replacement gifts because I put all my power into looking a special gift for one person, instead of scrambling to come up with a gift for every house member. The way we did it, we each put our name on a slip of paper and every person drew one of the papers out of a bag. Anyone name you drew, you became that person's inexpressive Santa. As most habitancy do, we set a low price limit and every person pretty much stuck to it. We all saved money and every person got a nice gift!

The 25 inexpressive Santa gift ideas I have listed are good for co-workers, family, small groups, school mates or any group. They cost between five to twenty dollars. Have fun with your inexpressive Santa gift exchange!

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1. Deck of cards and book of card game rules

A underground Santa Gift Idea - 25 Surreptitous Holiday Gifts

2. Set of Gel pens and stationary

3. A Bulb with instructions how to force blooming

4. Holiday serving bowl or platter

5. Decorative napkins and napkin rings

6. Fancy chocolate bars tied with a ribbon (try some from other countries)

7. Makeup brush set or beard trimmer

8. Photo album

9. A Holiday Childrens' Story

10. special soaps and bath puff or natural sponge

11. Colorful Post-It notepads

12. Pretty glass jar or small toolbox filled with candy

13. Picture frames

14. Set of dish towels and dish cloths

15. Note cards and book of stamps

16. Nail polish kit

17. Night shirt or pajamas

18. Basket filled with kitchen gadgets

19. Video rental gift certificates

20. Disposable camera

21. Address book

22. Prepaid long distance phone cards

23. Small clock or radio

24. Pretty box for keepsakes

25. Last, but not least: home baked cookies or logs of icy unbaked cookie dough!

A underground Santa Gift Idea - 25 Surreptitous Holiday Gifts

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Does Religion Cause War? Part One

One often hears the lazy seminar that "Religion" is responsible for Man's wars, the assumption being that if we got rid of religion all would be peace and harmony. Presumably then, if all men abandoned the thought that they are spirits inhabiting a material body and conceived of themselves as mere animals fashioned by opening from mud our troubles would be over and we'd all be a lot happier. This is of course untrue and does not correspond with an consideration of history, nor of present reality.

It also displays a degree of fogginess about what one means by the word "religion" Religions vary considerably. There are pantheisms (the trust in many gods) monotheisms (the trust in one God who created all) and religions that worship no gods at all, such as Buddhism or contemporary Scientology.

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At the far end of the spectrum there are even religions that do not conceive man to be an immortal soul even while life is carefully to be nevertheless spiritual in essence.

Some religions such as Christianity stress faith, while faith has no place at all in others -Scientology and Buddhism being cases in point.

One should note too, while one is discussing paradigms based on Faith, that materialism remains unable to yield conclusive evidence for its basic assumption. That spirituality does not exist is a matter of belief, not evidence. One can of course yield evidence that the material universe exists and one can establish and prove its laws but this is not proof that that the material universe is all there is. The assertion that the material universe is all there is is neither scientific nor logical and is assuredly a statement of faith.

Alright, so this vague undefined changeable known as "religion" or "faith" is responsible for Man's wars. Is it true?

Well, I can think of a few new conflicts or humanitarian cataclysms whose driving force was anything but religious.

Hitler's massacre of ethnic minorities, for instance: religions were often the victim of Nazi psychosis but they were not responsible for it. In fact it is now a matter of description that the drive behind Nazi mass slaughter came from German Psychiatry, the arch-champion of the man-is-mud hypothesis.

The drive behind the Russian revolution and the Stalinist slaughter that followed it was anything but religious, deriving again from the materialism of communism and psychiatry.

Ditto the civil war and ethnic cleansing in Yugoslavia. Ditto the ethnic cleansing in Kosovo, with materialistic psychiatry the incommunicable motivator again.

The Chinese invasion of Korea in1950 and the Korean War that followed also had diminutive or nothing to do with religious issues. One had materialistic communist China on the one hand and the largely atheistic market imperialism of western nations on the other.

The Us invasions of Afghanistan and Iraq were commerce-driven regardless of what justifications are concocted for it, while in the war in Vietnam religion figured neither in the motivation nor rhetoric of whether side.

Not all war therefore is "caused" by "religion." Religious groups are however often the victim or target of it but not exclusively and not always. There is no evidence that by "getting rid of religion" one would "get rid of war" any more than there is evidence that by outlawing atheism or abandoning industry there would be peace on Earth.

Nor is there any evidence that an abandonment of spirituality would make community happier. On the contrary, our western community has become unhappier and more demoralized as it has become materialistic. You will probably find that the epidemic spread of drug abuse and crime on the one hand and the decline in man's spirituality and even his sense of right and wrong supervene commensurate curves. In the midst of material abundance, which theoretically should have made Man happier, we live out our days in an increasingly miserable Gomorrah of lost souls.

Of course "religion" is a factor in the war in the Middle East and in justifications for their crimes asserted by terrorist groups. And religion has been a factor in many a human conflict. It is true too that religious societies have not necessarily been happy ones either.

In fact, a look at human history tells one that whether spiritual in outlook or materialistic in outlook, Man tends to have a hard time. From this one can cease that humanity is still evolving its communal forms and does not yet have all the answers. This is no surmise to get apathetic about the whole thing and to abandon the exertion to surmise in favour of generalized, unworkable slogans. Indeed, we have every incentive to go on trying to get best at these things called community and civilization, if only through a sense of accountability to our children who will inherit anything dog's breakfast we bequeath them.

Part of getting best at managing human affairs is dropping the habit of buying into broad, untrue, generalities such as "religion is the cause of war" or some such nonsense, looking it over more carefully and looking if we can get a bit closer to the truth, a bit more correct about what exactly is getting us into trouble.

Perhaps, if we do, we might grow up a bit and as a species begin carrying ourselves with more dignity and less floundering slapstick and we might perchance knock off the habit of following every psycho who seeks to persuade us to burn the skin off the children of habitancy we have never met.

I will continue this exertion to apply surmise to the matter of religion and war in the next essay in this series.

Does Religion Cause War? Part One

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Types of Cotton Used For Clothing

Cotton clothing is highly popular. A majority of population own some type of clothing that is whether totally made of cotton, or contains at least some ration of cotton. It is a very comfortable material, and many population love to wear it. Did you know that there are some distinct types of cotton? Well, there are lots of distinct kinds of cotton that are used for clothing.

Heavier cotton that is found in sweaters for the fall and winter is called Canton Cotton. It is soft and difficult to pull apart. This is the most popular type of cotton, and most population are customary with it. It feels a slight like flannel.

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Organic Cotton is a slight bit harder to come by. Regular group market usually don't sell items with organic cotton, but there are many online retailers for it. Organic Cotton is grown without chemicals. All of the harmful pesticides used in typical growing processes are absent from the process of developing this cotton. Even in the manufacturing process, organic clothing is not exposed to the environmentally harmful chemicals that other materials are exposed to.

Another type of cotton is Bamboo cotton. This type of cotton material is 30% organic and is very, very soft. The use actual crushed bamboo mixed with the organic cotton to generate clothing. It is all natural, and chemical free. It is best for your skin and for the environment.

A lighter flannel-like cotton is called cotton twill. It is good for fall wear, because it is a bit lighter than canton cotton.

French Terry cotton is slightly heavier than cotton twill, but not as heavy as Canton cotton. It is rather soft and has a short nap.

Honeycomb cotton is a lightweight type of cotton that dries quickly.

Egyptian cotton has longer, thinner fibers. This type of cotton creates strong yarn that makes nice and flat fabrics.

Yet other type of cotton is Oxford Chambray. It is a medium weight cotton.

Regardless of the type of cotton that is in your clothing, you can always tell that it is in effect cotton. It has such a unique feeling and texture to it. Cotton material is great for sweaters, underwear, pajamas, shirts, shorts, pants and practically anyone that you can wear. It lets your skin breathe. Most population like the way cotton clothing feels on their body.

Some population have found that they are allergic to cotton. It could be a particular type of cotton that is used for their clothing, or a chemical that is used in growing the cotton or manufacturing the clothes.

Organic and Bamboo cotton are in effect good for the environment because they don't use many of the harmful chemicals, like dyes, pesticides, and other things that pollute the environment. population who think that they might be allergic to cotton might just be allergic to the chemicals in non organic cotton clothes. The process of growing cotton and production clothes can potentially involve heavy use of environmentally harmful materials that lead to global warming and the destruction of the ozone layer. Thankfully, some associates are production strides to make more organic clothing so that the things that we wear are 'greener'.

Types of Cotton Used For Clothing

Did Eve Have Sex With the Devil Or Did She Just Eat Some Fruit? - Part 1

Is my title demand preposterous? If it is, how is it more preposterous than to think that the literal eating of a singular fruit from a singular tree, albeit forbidden by The Lord, can be carefully that evil that Adam and Eve should lose their opening of a corporal life in paradise and access to the Tree of Life? If a child in our care were to disobey our study for the first time would we lash out with a severe punishment at the first offence of disobedience? Obviously not, so why did The Lord punish our primary parents so severely for eating the wrong kind of 'apple'? Ok, I know it doesn't say apple but it might just as well say it, so does this apparent trivial error and the punishment that follows it make any sense, or, in other words, does the punishment fit the crime? Well, if we take it a step supplementary and accept the Biblical record as symbolic for something else, then, yes it does make sense. Indeed, we can then assume, without much doubt, that Adam and Eve's sin was so serious, so heinous, that the Lord had no option but to banish our primary parents from the Garden. This then leaves us with the demand of what kind of offence(s) or sin(s) could it have been that would warrant such a severe punishment?

Up until recently I was of the mind, like so many others, that Adam and Eve's sin was just a uncomplicated act of disobedience, but writings I have discovered just lately have thrown a giant spanner into the works of my primary understanding of their primary sin. My understanding, too, not helped much by what is written in the King James Bible. However, always remember, that as believers, our understanding is never ours it's the understanding we are given and The Lord does not give us all understanding, all at once, or at the starting of our walk with Him. It takes years of study and much waiting on Him. Having clarified that dinky aside, let's write the crucial verses here so that we can see for ourselves what the Holy Scriptures surely say:

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Genesis 3:15 And I will put enmity between thee and the woman, and between thy seed and her seed; it shall bruise thy head, and thou shalt bruise his heel.

This verse is the most prominent and influences the whole of this study, for it mentions two seeds. Now what are these "seeds", because before we can move on we must be clear in our minds as to what they laid out and, after a dinky research, we find it's all very right forward. Most readers will know what the word 'seed' means in this context but to make sure, let's use an additional one example or two so that there is no ambiguity or confusion:

Genesis 9:8-9 And God spake unto Noah, and to his sons with him, saying, 9 And I, behold, I manufacture my contract with you, and with your seed after you.

Gen 15:3 And Abram said, Behold, to me thou hast given no seed: and, lo, one born in my house is mine heir.

So as we can simply see, the word 'seed' refers to offspring and if we refer to Strong's Concordance for supplementary evidence we will find that the Hebrew word for 'seed' in Genesis 3:15 is the same as in Genesis 9:9 and 15:3. Ok, so if we go back to Genesis 3:15 we can see that the Lord is going to put enmity between these two very distinct seeds or lines, but who is the Lord speaking to? Let's go there now:

Genesis 3:14 And the Lord God said unto the serpent, Because thou hast done this, thou art cursed above all cattle, and above every beast of the field; upon thy belly shalt thou go, and dust shalt thou eat all the days of thy life:

There we have it; the Lord is speaking to the Devil, Satan, that serpent and arch-deceiver also known as the destroyer, the adversary and in this instance the arch-seducer, for, without doubt, one of the two seeds mentioned here is his seed. Observation too the phrase "because thou hast done this". From that we can surely deduce and know that Satan surely did something and the term 'doing something', more often than not, refers to a corporal action, not just an 'action' of sitting idly by on the sidelines enticing, goading or provoking as an exuberant spectator.

So what does all this mean for we are very definitely dealing with a corporal seed that belongs to the Devil? In turn, this now beggars the question, how can a spirit being or a fallen angel have corporal sexual relations with a human being? Well, the only verse in the Holy Scriptures we can rely on or turn to for any evidence to this event is in Genesis once more:

Genesis 6:1-2 And it came to pass, when men began to multiply on the face of the earth, and daughters were born unto them, 2 That the sons of God saw the daughters of men that they were fair; and they took them wives of all which they chose.

Who were these "sons of God" here that took the descendants or daughters of Adam for wives? Well they can only be one thing, they were fallen angels or angels that went astray and left their first estate as described in Jude 6

Jude 1:6 And the angels which kept not their first estate, but left their own habitation, he hath reserved in everlasting chains under darkness unto the judgment of the great day.

The prominent words of this verse are 'kept not', 'first estate' and 'habitation'. The words 'kept not' mean they failed to keep a guard or failed to hold as precious their Spiritual legacy or estate, i.e. To declare any value upon their Spiritual substance and the honour bestowed upon them as Spirit beings. Instead they took it upon themselves to select the lower order of the corporal or the base level of corporal men. This means they despised their first estate and located more value upon human fleshly desires and, don't forget, these daughters were human beings in the fallen condition. These angels treated with contempt their manifestly higher order that the Lord had blessed them with, their 'first estate' - their position. Not only that, they gave up their home as well or their classic habitation; very reckless and foolish indeed. So much so, it finally cost them their relaxation because the Lord incarcerated them in darkness, where they are to this day and where they will remain until the Last Great Day at the end of the Millennium or the end of the Lord's one thousand year reign on this earth as King of kings.

Now this brings us to the primary issue, this wickedness was not a one off, this had all happened before, and it was a consequent on from the earlier wickedness of their leader, Satan the Devil, otherwise known as Sammael in the other writings I mentioned. He set the example and these fallen angels followed in his footsteps, and their actions were a repeat of his wickedness. So what was this wickedness? Quite simply, it was the seduction of Eve. We can then add in the cuckolding of Adam or possibly even the sodomising of Adam - we do not know all the details. What we do know, though, is that the Devil contaminated their Godly union which up until that point had not been consummated. Adam and Eve discovered the sexual act straight through perversion and straight through lust and nothing but lust. This event was a compounding event, because after the Devil had had his evil way with Eve he then, straight through Eve, encouraged Adam to take her afterwards thereby reducing her to the status of a sexual object, an adulteress or possibly worse, a promiscuous slut. This, in effect, was the first pornographic act - the first threesome; the use of the woman's body for nothing but selfish sexual gratification. There was no love in this event, and it was the first sexual act on earth between a man and a woman. This, too, is how they knew they were naked and covered themselves with leaves and why, too, they hid from the Lord in the garden. They covered their sexual parts, they were laden with shame and guilt - they felt dirty and contaminated. Furthermore, it was this act that gave them the knowledge of good and evil, not straight through the literal eating of an 'apple', the fruit is pure symbolism. Not only that, if we think the literal eating of fruit from the wrong tree can make us feel dirty, unclean and shameful what kind of fruit could that be. Ok, we could and would feel guilty for having disobeyed God but not dirty and ashamed. No, there is only one act that could have had that kind of consequent on a previously innocent human being and that act is the promiscuous, lustful, loveless sexual act.

Ok, so we now have the evidence that this wicked event took place, but where does this lead us? Quite simply, back to the two seeds, the two seeds that produced two offspring - Cain and Abel. One child was of the Devil's seed and the other was of Adam's seed. How do we know this? Not easy, because the King James Bible is not that helpful, so we have to look elsewhere, but where? Well, before I do that let's copy the Kjv verse here, first, to analyse what it says:

Gen 4:1-2 And Adam knew Eve his wife; and she conceived, and bare Cain, and said, I have gotten a man from the Lord. 2 And she again bare his brother Abel. And Abel was a keeper of sheep, but Cain was a tiller of the ground.

Now, based upon the evidence that I have revealed from the Holy Scriptures, Genesis 4:1 seems to read like a unblemished contradiction of the old verses. We know there are to be two seeds, but this verse looks as if it's saying that Cain is Adam's son and Abel is Adam's son and not only that, but that Cain was a gift to Eve from God himself no less. Now where have the two seeds gone, because if Cain and Abel are both Adam's sons then they can only be of the one seed for they are both of Adam's seed, so what's going on in this verse? Well we know don't we, the true evidence has been written out of the record by the translators. Now there's a surprise, and why would they do that!? They would do it, because it would mean having to admit what I have stated above, that Eve had sex with Devil and produced Cain from that illegitimate union. The thing is, we have got a whole load of stuff going on in Genesis 4:1 and it will require an additional one record to cover it, so stay with it folks.

Did Eve Have Sex With the Devil Or Did She Just Eat Some Fruit? - Part 1

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What to Wear in Dubai

Dubai is one of the fastest growing metropolises in the world, with more tourists arriving every year. The city government and the leadership of the United Arab Emirates (Uae) both place a lot of point on the tourism industry, and each year spectacular new tourist attractions in Dubai are opened while others begin construction.

Most visitors to Dubai are unsure of what kind of clothes to pack for their trip. What is the primary dress code for visitors to this exotic city?

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No matter which country you may visit, it's all the time a good idea to learn about the local customs. What is thought about decent attire in China may be view of as stuffy in Australia! To avoid wearing conspicuously odd clothes, in Dubai, you don't need to wear the white robes of the Bedouins. There are no exact rules governing what you wear in Dubai, but you should keep in mind that the Uae is a conservative place, and you might end up feeling embarrassed if you wear something that's thought about indecent from the perspective of local traditions.

There are two aspects to reconsider while deciding what to wear in Dubai - the weather and the culture of the country.

I. Weather -

Dubai is a typical desert city with incredibly hot summers and gradually cold winters. Summers last from April to early November. If you plan to visit in the summer, light clothes made of natural fibers will help you endure the weather when you step out. Lightweight trousers and full-sleeved cotton shirts would be ideal, because they cover up your skin and forestall sun burn, while at the same time allow air to reach your skin and cool you down.

Please remember that as a rule, malls and places of interest are usually heavily air-conditioned, and it can genuinely get a slight cold if you stay indoors for long! On trips to events that will keep you inside a large facility, it is advisable to take a light shawl or jacket to keep you warm. In the Emirate's climate, winters are not extremely cold; still, it's economical to wear warm clothing when you step out. A light jacket or sweater is recommended while the months of December to February.

Ii. custom -

As mentioned already, Dubai is a free city as far as tourists are concerned. There are no exact dress restrictions. Still, to respect the local customs of dressing, it's wise to dress agreeing to the place you are planning to go to. Here are a few examples -

Beach wear: T-shirts and shorts are ideal. Swimsuits are accepted as long as they are not too revealing. String bikinis may attract unwanted attention.

Visits to malls, restaurants and clubs: Not many restrictions here, and local custom intimately matches the European and North American patterns of dining out. Still, you will feel most comfortable in clothes that cover your knees and shoulders. For men, T shirts and knee distance shorts, cotton shirts and trousers are okay for uncostly meals or fast food. Women can wear knee distance skirts, Capri slacks, or trousers with decent tops. As you may expected, some formal dining establishments require ties, or formal dress.

Visits to mosque and souks: These are the most primary areas of Dubai, and here farranging coverings of clothing are most ideal. Respectable attire for men is trousers and shirts. Women can wear skirts, Capri slacks and trousers that fall below knee level. Tops should not expose shoulders or midriff.

These restrictions are not dictated by the Government, but are instead just guidelines to help you decide what to wear without offending the religious sentiments of the local population.

Iii. Tips -

* Women - Carry a light shawl wherever you go so that you can cover yourself if you visit a primary place, such as a temple. It can also be used to keep you warm when the air-conditioning is too high, which is usually the case in public buildings!
* Pack a broad-brimmed hat and sunglasses to protect you from the sun, especially if you are planning to go to the beach.
* Pack a pair of good walking shoes. The malls in Dubai are famous for their size, and you'll by all means; of course find yourself walking a lot in Dubai. Wear comfortable shoes made for walking, to keep you from getting blisters or sore arches.
* experience your hotel in Dubai to learn the normal dressing code in and out of the hotel.

What to Wear in Dubai

A combine Christening Party Games for every person

The Christening is an foremost event for the parents of a baby, though the child probably won't remember it, but you'll indubitably remember either or not you had any good Christening party games after the event. You'll probably have a few kids and adults and some older habitancy at the party so you'll want a composition of christening party games to select from.

Push Along:

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This is a fun Christening party game any guests can indubitably get into, well everyone who is still limber adequate to play. You can indubitably encourage those not playing to cheer and root for their favorite Christening party game player. Those in the race must pretend to be babies and push a ping pong ball to the stop line with their nose.

Be sure to get adequate ping pong balls for the Christening party games because everyone in the race will need to have one. Also set up a start line and a stop line with masking tape, string or a chalk line. It's tough to stay on a level procedure when playing push along so make sure you detach the players adequate that they don't run into each other.

Feeding Time:

This is a laugh riot to have at your Christening party games, but it may be more convenient for a Christening where a lot of adults are present. The women at the party will sit in chairs on the opposite side of the Christening party area. Give each woman a baby bottle filled with something to drink (you can use milk) and each woman should also have a bib she's going to put on her 'baby'.

Set the same estimate of men at the beginning line of the Christening party games area. When the race begins, the men will run to the women and one man will get into each woman's lap. The women should tie the bib on their 'baby' and then feed him from the bottle. The men can't touch the bottles with their hands. When a team has ended their bottle, the woman removes the bib and they both run back to the beginning line. The first pair to unblemished the Christening party game task is the winners.

When you get the guests at the Christening party games together it will be loads of fun for all. Take lots of pictures, especially during the second game because it's a riot!

A combine Christening Party Games for every person

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What Does the Bible Say About True Friendship?

On the first Sunday in August, we celebrate Friendship Day as a time to recognize our friends and their offering to our life. It was declared as a holiday in the U.S. In honor of friends by a proclamation made by U.S. Congress in 1935. And we celebrate our friends by giving them cards and flowers to honor them. But what does the bible say about being a true friend? There is an example of true friendship in 1 Samuel 18-20 between David and King Saul's son, Jonathan. Saul pursued David many times trying to kill him and Jonathan stood by his friend by helping him get away.

The book of Proverbs gives many examples of friendship. Proverbs 18:24 says, "A man of many companions may come to ruin, but there is a friend who sticks closer than a brother." And Proverbs 27:6 also says," Wounds from a friend can be trusted, but an enemy multiplies kisses," which means that in order to have a friend, you must be a friend first. True friends should be of like mind. You should be able to be yourself with this person and not person else. And true friends also shouldn't put someone else down or judge one another. You should also be able to talk and confide in one someone else and trust that your friend would keep it in reliance and not tell the whole world. A friend is also person you should respect and respect you and jealousy should never come to be a factor. Jesus Christ gave us the definition of a true friend in John 15:13-15, "Greater love has no one than this, that he lay down his life for his friends. You are my friends if you do what I command. I no longer call you servants, because a slave does not know his master's business. Instead, I have called you friends, for all that I learned from my Father I have made known to you."

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Jesus Christ is the greatest friend because he died for us, "his friends," so we may have eternal life with God. And if you believe in Him and except him in your heart, his friendship will surpass all others and will never come and go. The Apostle Paul says, "For scarcely for a righteous man will one die; yet possibly for a good man person would even dare to die. But God demonstrates His own love toward us, in that while we were still sinners, Christ died for us." (Romans 5:7-8) This is the real bible-based definition of a true friend. And if all else fails, all the time remember you have a true friend in Jesus!

What Does the Bible Say About True Friendship?

What Does the Bible Say About True Friendship?

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The Pentateuch, Law of Moses or Torah

Introduction

It is believed that the name Pentateuch "the first five books of the Old Testament, the book of the Law" (The Columbia Viking Desk Encyclopaedia, 1964, p.1402) was first found in the letter of Elora of a second century Gnostic, Ptolemy and passed into Christian use. These books are called The Law (Torah) or the Law of Moses by the Jews. (Everyman's Encyclopedia, 1978). It would be difficult to overestimate the role that the Pentateuch has played in the policy of biblical scholarship. In all likelihood, these first five books in the Bible - Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy- have been subjected to scrutiny more than any single block, with the sole potential irregularity of the Gospels (Knight and Tucker, 1985).

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Origin

The Pentateuch, Law of Moses or Torah

The word Pentateuch derives from the Greek pentateuchos "five-volumed (book)", following the Jewish designation "the five-fifths of the law". Jews call it the Torah, that is instruction, often rendered in English Law as it is called in the New Testament (Greek nomon; example, Matt. 5:17; Luke 16:17; Acts 7:53; 1 Cor. 9:8). agreeing to Lasor, Hubbard and Bush (1982), the Pentateuch was "the most foremost department of the Jewish canon, with an authority and sanctity far exceeding that attributed to the prophets and writing" (p.54). They seek that the books of the Pentateuch are not 'books' in the modern sense of independent self-contained entries, but were purposefully structured and intended as part of a larger unity; therefore the term Pentateuch is not only convenient but necessary. However, granted this fact of the unity of the larger corpus, the conventional five-fold department is foremost not simply as a convenient means of reference to the material, but because there is clear editorial evidence establishing just these five books as genuine subdivisions of the material. Despite marks of real disparity and complexity in buildings and origins, far more primary and foremost is the overarching unity which the Pentateuch evidences. A specific reading of the Pentateuch will reveal, beside a definite unity of purpose, plan and arrangement, a diversity - a complexity - that is equally striking.

Authorship

The primary view agreeing to Halley (1962) is that "Moses wrote the Pentateuch substantially...with the irregularity of the few verses at the close which give an account of his death, and occasional interpolations made by copyists for explanatory purposes" (p.56). This is in consonance with the view of Childs (1979). A modern principal view is that of a composite work of discrete scholars of priests made about the eighth century B.C., for partisan purposes, based on oral traditions, the principal redactors of which are called J (for Jahweh/Yahweh, the personal name of God), E (for Elohim, a generic name for God), D (for Deuteronomic) and P (for priestly). Each is claimed to be unique. However, "this view is not supported by conclusive study or evidence, and arduous archaeological and literary study has tended to undercut many of the arguments used to challenge Mosaic authorship" (The Niv Study Bible, 1984, p.2). Jews and Christians alike have held Moses to be the author/compiler of the Pentateuch.

Contents

The Pentateuch consists of the first five afore-mentioned books of the Bible. It must be observed that the first phrase in the Hebrew text of Genesis 1:1 is bereshith [in (the) beginning] which is also the Hebrew title of the book. The English title, Genesis, is Greek in origin and is derived from geneseos 'birth', 'genealogy' or 'history of origin'. Genesis therefore appropriately describes its contents since it is primarily a book of beginnings. 'Exodus' is a Latin word from Greek exodos, meaning 'exit', 'departure'. Leviticus receives its name from the Greek translation of the Old Testament (Septuagint) meaning 'relating to the Levites'. It mainly concerns the aid of worship at the tabernacle which was conducted by the priests who were the sons of Aaron, assisted by many from the rest of the tribe of Levi. Exodus gave the directions for construction the tabernacle and Leviticus the laws and regulations for worship there including instructions on ceremonial cleanness, moral laws, holy days, the Sabbath year and the Year of the Jubilee. The English name of the book Numbers comes from the Septuagint and is based on the census lists found in it. The Hebrew title of the book (bedmidbar, 'in the desert'), is more descriptive of its contents. It presents an account of the thirty-eight year period of Israel's wandering in the desert following the making ready of the covenant of Sinai. The word 'Deuteronomy' (meaning the repetition of the law'), the name of the last book of the Pentateuch, arose from a mistranslation in the Greek Septuagint and the Latin Vulgate of a phrase in Deuteronomy 17:18, which in Hebrew means 'copy of the law'. The error is not serious any way since Deuteronomy is, in a safe bet sense, a repetition of the law.

Generally, the unity of the Pentateuch must be stressed when discussing the content. This is created by an interest in the historical narrative forming the Pentateuch's backbone and framework and into which the blocks of legal texts have been placed. A clue to this narrative's central role and importance is the fact that the Old Testament events most oftentimes cited in the New Testament as the background and making ready for God's work in Christ are actually that sequence of divine acts from Abraham's call straight through the kingship of David. Summaries or 'confession' of this sequence of divine acts plays a central role in Scripture. The basic details confessing God's rescue acts on profit of His citizen could be descriptive thus:

i. God chose Abraham his descendants (Acts 13:17; Josh.24:3) and promised them the land of Canaan (Deut. 6:23)

ii. Israel went down into Egypt (Acts 13:17; Josh. 24:5-7; Deut. 6:21ff; 28:8)

iii. God brought Israel into Canaan as promised (Acts 13:19; Josh.24:11-13; Deut. 6:23; 26:9).

This is but the narrative backbone of the Pentateuch in miniature. The plan that unifies the distinct elements forming the construction blocks of the Pentateuch includes: promise, election, deliverance, covenant, law and land. It is realistically observed that "the one element universally gift and central to these credos...is the Exodus, representing Yahweh's deliverance and the historical realization of His selection of Israel as His people" (Lasor, Hubbard, Bush, 1982, p.55).

The Pentateuch has two major divisions: Genesis 1-11 and Genesis 12- Deuteronomy 34. The relation between them is one inquire and answer, question and solution; the clue is Genesis 12:3. This buildings not only elucidates the binding unity of the Pentateuch but also reveals that the buildings began stretches far beyond the Pentateuch itself. The end and fulfillment lie beyond Deuteronomy 34 - actually beyond the Old Testament. It could be safely asserted that probably no where does the Old Testament set forth an ultimate explication to the universal question which Genesis 1-11 so poignantly portrays. The Old Testament actually does not arrive at full redemption. When the Old Testament ends, Israel is still looking for the final consummation when hope shall be fulfilled and promise come to be fact. The juncture of Genesis 10-11 and chapters 12ff., is not only one of the most foremost places in the whole Old Testament but one of the most foremost in the whole Bible. Here begins the redemptive history that awaits the declaration of the good news of God's new redemptive act in Jesus Christ; only then will be found the way in which the blessing of Abraham will bless all the families of the earth. The Pentateuch is truly open-ended, for the salvation history which commenced awaits the consummation in the Son of Abraham (Matt. 1:1) who draws all citizen to Him (John 12:32) punctuating the alienation of humanity from God and from one another.

Purpose

The purpose of the Pentateuch was a foremost into the realization by God that He was the creator and Sustainer of the universe as well as the Ruler of History. It testifies to God's rescue acts, the central act being the exodus from Egypt. God invaded the consciousness of the Israelites and revealed Himself as the redeeming God. Knowledge of God as Redeemer subsequently led to a knowledge of Him as Creator; understanding the Lord as the God of grace consequently prompted an understanding as the God of nature after He displayed operate over nature as evidenced in the plagues, the crossing of the Red Sea and sustenance in the wilderness. It must be stressed that God's grace was clear not only in deliverance and guidance, but in the giving of the law and the initiation of the covenant. Israel's supposed pledge of obedience, oath of loyalty to God and His will is her response. One must hasten to note that this response is a gift of God's grace. The Pentateuch stands or better still possesses a rich inner unity recording God's revelation in history and His Lordship over history and testifying to Israel's response and disobedience. It generally witnesses to God's holiness which "separates Him from men, and His gracious love, which binds Him to them on His terms" (New Bible Dictionary, 1962, p.909).

Themes

Although any themes could be identified between Genesis and Deuteronomy, unique but inter-related, intertwined and invaluable ones could be identified. These consist of election, creation, fall/sin, covenant, law and exodus. Israel was God's elect. agreeing to Stott (1988), the Bible is "sacred history - the story of God's dealing with a single citizen for a single purpose" (p.45). They were convinced that God had done this for no other nation (Ps. 147:20). Great thinkers of Greece (including Plato, Socrates and Aristotle) are not the focus but scriptural narrative concentrates on men like Abraham, Moses, David, Isaiah and the prophets to whom the word of the Lord came, and on Jesus Christ, God's Word made flesh. Abraham's call has a gift day importance to us and should not be slightly regarded as an event of the past. selection - God's extra selection of individuals- basically contains two subsidiary features; promise and responsibility. Abraham is promised descendants, given the land of Canaan as his children's patrimony and promised a great name in the future. God's extra favour was to rest not only on Abraham and his family but to all men straight through him (Gal. 3:29).

God's promises to Abraham therefore were not for the selfish enjoyment of a excellent few but could benefit others if used responsibly. It is incontrovertible that God's selection of Israel has a missionary purpose. A covenant, in the Hebrew context, covered all human relationships and not a tiny definition of a matter of legal documents and sealing-wax in the modern mind. This bond united citizen in mutual obligations. Naturally, people's relationship to God should be expressed in covenant terms. covenant terms could be used to recap three unique occasions in the Pentateuch:

i. God's promises never again to destroy the world with a flood (Gen. 9:9)

ii. God's promises to Abram (Gen. 15:18; 17:4)

iii. The Sinai covenant established with Moses and summarized in the 'book of the covenant' (Ex.24:4).

It must be borne in mind that although covenants were generally between equals, religiously it denotes a relationship between creator and a lesser partner. However, the theological importance of the covenant must be highlighted. Based on initiative of God and implying a new revelation of the Creator, it made moral and ritual demands upon the people.

Taylor (1973) realistically observes that "the idea of law is central to the Pentateuch and...it gives its name to the book as a whole" (p.124). It basically covers the Ten Commandments (Decalogue - Ex. 20; Deut.5) and associates with these discrete collections of laws classified as:

i. The book of the covenant (Ex. 21-23)

ii. The Holiness Code (Lev. 17:26)

iii. The Law of Deuteronomy (Deut. 12:26)

Since Israel was part of the Eastern Mediterranean culture and shared in the ideas and experience of her neighbours, any similarities could be noted especially with the Code of Hammurabi. The differences any way made Israel's laws distinctive. They could be summarized thus:

i. Uncompromising monotheism (that is relating everything to the one true God)

ii. Remarkable concern for slaves, strangers, women and orphans (the underprivileged)

iii. Community spirit based on the covenant relationship shared by all Israel with the Lord

In a great summary, Cornfeld (1961) observed that "Hebrew law appears from its earliest times to stand on a higher ethical level and postulates moral human relationship which do not seem to be equalled in other Near Eastern Legislations" (p.213). Israel must coming God with a due sense of His moral and spiritual distinctiveness. The explain sacrificial principles generally found its fulfilment in the solitary sell out of Christ - the excellent Lamb of God- straight through whom sins are not only forgiven but atonement made for all men eternally (Heb. 10:1-18).

The exodus must be put in permissible perspective. Described in Exodus 1-12, the Jews view it as the great intervention or rescue act of God which later generations reminisced. This miraculous intervention was God's act of victory of the gods displaying total supremacy. Recalled annually in the Feast of the Passover, subsequent generations were reminded that they were initially members of a slave community mercifully redeemed from bondage. They were encouraged to use this as a deterrent, especially when curses recompense disobedience. The historical importance was definitive. God could repeat His first act. In Isaiah 51:9-11, Israel looked for a second exodus while in exile in Babylon.

The afore-mentioned themes are never submerged in the Pentateuch. Probably, the only other theme (which recurs in depressing regularity) is Israel's obstinate and persistent sinfulness. Among other things, they were slow to accept Moses as their deliverer, grumbled about hardship and desired to 'go back to Egypt'. Not even Moses was immune and was punished by not being allowed to lead God's citizen in the promised land.

Conclusion

Together, the five books trace Israel's origin from the earliest times, straight through the patriarchs; then the Exodus and Sinai periods prior to the entry to Canaan; they also consist of much legal instruction. God's response to sin is consistently a blend of judgement and mercy. Beyond the immediate discipline of Adam and Eve, and confusion of tongues at Babel, God tempers justice with salvation. It is understandable therefore that in spite of man's path, God called Abraham to be the channel of grace and revelation to all mankind.

Bibliography

Childs, B. (1979). Introduction to the Old Testament as Scripture. Philadelphia: Fortress Press.

The Columbia-Viking Desk Encyclopedia (1964). New York: Dell Publishing Co.

Cornfeld, G. (1961). Adam to Daniel. New York: The Macmillan Company.

Everyman's Encyclopedia, Vol. 1. (1979). London : Dent and Sons.

Halley, H.H. (1962). Halley's Pocket Bible Handbook: An Abbreviated Bible Commentary. Minnesota:
Zondervan Publishing.

Knight, D.A. And G.M. Tucker (1985). The Hebrew Bible and its modern Interpreters. Minnesota:
Fortress Press.

Lasor, W.S., D.A. Hubbard and F.W. Bush (1982). Old Testament Survey: The Message, Form and
Background to the Old Testament. Michigan: Williams B. Eerdmans Publishing Co.

The New Bible Dictionary (1962). London: The Inter-Varsity Fellowship.

Niv Study Bible (1984). Michigan: Zondervan Publishing House.

Stott, J. (1988). understanding the Bible. London: Scripture Union.

Taylor, J. (1973). The Five Books. In The Lion Handbook to the Bible. Herts: Lion Publishing.

The Pentateuch, Law of Moses or Torah

Where To Find Women's Tall Pants

If you are an ultra-tall woman, what does that mean? It means that shopping for clothes is probably not your popular past time, as you are a minority. Most ultra-tall women need jeans with inseam lengths of 36-38 inches long. So clothes shopping with your median height friends is a bit challenging. I feel your pain, as I am also an ultra tall woman. So, where can we shop? Well, we could just keep buying men's jeans as the men's clothing fellowships comprehend there are lots of tall men in the world. If you prefer more outline flattering pants, here are a few great clothing stores for you to try:

1. Tall Etc. Is a clothing chain with 8 stores nationwide. They also have a great Internet website with tall women's pants and jeans up to 38 inches long. They have casual tall pants as well as tall vocation pants.

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2. Long Tall Sally is a Uk firm with many stores throughout the Uk. They also offer worldwide delivery. They have stylish women's tall pants up to 38 inches long. They also highlight some longer distance shirts, skirts, coats, and pajamas.

Where To Find Women's Tall Pants

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3. Designs by Stephene is another great store for tall women. They are a designer jean boutique that carries extra long designer jeans for tall women or tall men. I personally propose their "7 For All Mankind" brand as they look great on most figures.

Now that you have these options, what are you waiting for? Go and get some tall pants that flatter your outline and are long enough!

Where To Find Women's Tall Pants

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Can a Male and Female be Just Friends?

Introduction

Have you ever heard or have you ever seen, father-son; mother-daughter; husband-wife; boss-subordinates; brother-sister as a friend? Might be yes, but how often and how genuine. At the end of a day, the message is, "mein tumhara baap hoon, jo mein kahta hoon, who karo" (I am your father, do what I say). Recently, I posted one query, "Can an adult male and female be just friends", and replies are just shocking (read below). That is why, I say, friendship is a relation of choice. But, do you know the meaning of "Friendship", yes, you know, you have read in some newspapers and magazines, but what about applying the same.

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Understanding Friendship

Before I start I know, as you probably know, that a friendship can be an antidote for loneliness or depression or even boredom. But it should be just more than an antidote for these problems. What are the qualities that lead to a solid friendship?

First of all, friendship must be genuine. In friendships we chronicle what we are and who we are capable of becoming. Friendships demand that we chronicle ourselves without pretenses or masks, without affection or deception. G.K. Chesterton knowing the risks complicated in cultivating a solid friendship, summed it up when he said, "Friends are those with whom our faults are safe."

Another ingredient important for the cultivation of a friendship is that one must be generous. The friendship is its own reward. Christ summed up the element of generosity when he said, "greater love than this no one has than he who lays down his life for his friend."

Another capability needed for a friendship is that it be gratuitous. It is a free donation or gift of one person to another. Friendship is never marred by jealousy. There must be a inevitable leisure in the middle of the two friends. Otherwise, there could be the qoute of possessiveness or even suffocation of the friendship.

Other qualities could be mentioned so that solid friendships can be cultivated. A sense of humor, charity, understanding, compassion is only some of the ingredients that have to be cultivated for a solid friendship with another.

Just one more opinion on this subject. For many people in this world, life is cold, lonely and hard. If they had one friend, their lives would not only be different, but happier. A friendship is a touch of heaven on earth. And you can bring a touch of heaven into someone's life.

Friendship in the middle of male and female

Hence, strong friendships in the middle of a man and woman are sometimes difficult to understand and accept though relationships in the middle of two women or men is more easily proper by our society. When a man and woman hold hands in public, automatically they are assumed to be lovers. Friends are friends and lovers are lovers. Very few people are physically affectionate with their friends. people find it difficult to dissociate love from sex. If two people express love and affection for each other it is assumed that they are lovers. The truth is fairly simple: two people like each other, are comfortable together and a special bond of friendship develops in the middle of them.

Sometimes friendship is taken for granted and people are willing to give it up when they fall in love, want to marry or have a long term relationship. Sexual or romantic love is assumed to be great and therefore preferred.

There are factors which decides if a male and female can be Just friends or not and we will discuss here, one afrer another.

1) Your thinking and Emotional Make-up: It need high level of maturity, insight and wavelength for any merge to keep that opinion of intimacy away from their heart throughout the relation.

2) Type of School and College you have studied in: If you have studied in "all boys or all girls" type of schools and colleges then there is a high occasion that your relation with your counterpart of opposite gender will not be clean and transparent as compared to those who have studied to "Co-Education" system.

3) Number of friends with Opposite Genders: If you have more friends from opposite gender than there is a occasion that your friendship with those people will be clean...with any opinion of intimacy assess to those who have one or just miniature friends from opposite gender.

4) Family Background: If the house of more orthodox, traditional, with very literal, value system...then also at times... There are chances that you cannot be Just friends with a person from opposite gender.

5) Stage of life you are going through: If you are facing lots of rejections, emotional instability, frustration, lots of struggle and if your operation is not appreciated by your bosses and colleagues...then also you try to find that solace, that comfort by closely getting involved...because their you find acceptance and emotional comfort.

6) Profession you are into and type of assosication you are working in: As we have discussed in one of the cases...if it is male or female dominated firm or department...there are also people tend to get complicated with people of opposite genders.

7) Successful, Happy Married Life and Unsuccessful and Unhappy Married Life: If you don't have thriving and happy married life...you are not getting that time, care, and affection as you want and if you have a friend from opposite gender who is taking care of you, giving you time, affection and emotional reserve than also there are high chances of developing those intimate relation...much above your "Just" friendship thought.

So, it is potential to be "Just" friends with people of opposite gender and it depend on your maturity, mindset and your need at that particular time. We can talk about our thoughts; our feelings but you cannot say the same thing about the person of opposite gender. You never know what your friend is talking about you in his or her group of friends.

As far as my personal experiences goes...I have lot many "Female Friends" from distinct cities, distinct countries, from distinct age groups, married-unmarried-singles and now gender hardly matters to me. We discuss about our experiences, go out for dinner, movie, and picnic and also give comforts...if there are any issues at pro and personal fronts. But, as I said earlier...I can say how I feel, what I think...I cannot say with any surety as what they feel and think.

If the sexual element in a relationship is lost, no friendship is left and the merge moves away from each other in every respect. Instead of looking sexual relationships as friendships, which contain sex, couples often see them as isolate from any kind of friendship. If people could break away from this tradition they could be friends with their lovers and ex-lovers and enjoy close, happy and meaningful relationships. This would also reflect a inevitable whole of growth and maturity of the personality.

My Gift to all my friends for their Friendship

I love you not only for what you are,

but for what I am when I am with you.

I love you not only for what you have made of yourself,

but for what you are making of me.

I love you for the part of me that you bring out.

I love you for putting your hand into my heaped-up heart,

and passing over all the foolish and frivolous and weak things
which you cannot help dimly looking there,
and for drawing out into the light
all the beautiful, radiant belongings,
that no one else had looked quite far sufficient to find.

I love you for ignoring the possibilities of the fool

and weakling in me,

and for laying firm hold

on the possibilities of good in me.

I love you for conclusion your eyes to the discords in me,

and for adding to the music in me by worshipful listening.

I love you because you are helping me

to make of the lumber of my life not a tavern but a Temple,
and of the words of my every day not a reproach but a song.

I love you because you have done more

than any creed could have done to make me good,
and more than any fate could have done to make me happy.

You have done it just by being yourself.

Perhaps that is what being a friend means after all

Saying so, I never mean to say that, I will be giving you solutions for all your problems

As a friend, I may not be able to give solutions to all of life's problems, doubts, or fears; but I can listen to you, and together we can seek answers. I can't convert your past with all its heartache and pain, nor the hereafter with it's untold stories; but I can be there now when you need me to care.

I can't keep your feet from stumbling. I can only offer my hand that you may grasp it and not fall. Your joys, triumphs, successes, and happiness are not mine; yet I can share in your laughter and joy.

Your decisions in life are not mine to make, nor to judge; I can only reserve you, encourage you, and help you when you ask. I can't give you boundaries, which I have determined for you, But I can give you the room to change, room to grow, room to be yourself.

I can't keep your heart from breaking and hurting, but I can cry with you and help you pick up the pieces and put them back in place. I can't tell you who you are. I can only love you and be your friend.

And every morning when you open your eyes, tell yourself that it is special. Every day, every minute, every second is a gift from God, you've got to dance like nobody's watching, and love like it's never going to hurt.

People say true friends must all the time hold hands, but true friends don't need to hold hands because they know the other hand will all the time be there.

Conclusion

"Friendship is the comfort, the inexpressible comfort of feeling safe with a person having neither to weigh thoughts nor part words, but pouring all right out just as they are, chaff and grain together, inevitable that a specific friendly hand will take and sift them, keep what is worth holding and, with a breath of comfort, blow the rest away."

Not only in Friendship but also in all the relations love is the driving force that creates and sustains it. The kind of love friends have for each other is the desire to know, serve and share. It is the antithesis of lust - the desire to acquire, possess and control. It is what makes one want to connect with someone else human consciousness - intellectually, emotionally and physically.

Unspoken doubts and suspicions are barriers that limit the potential depth to which a friendship can progress. Love empowers friends to say how they feel about each other without inhibition or fear of hurting each other's feelings. It thereby allows them to rule their doubts and suspicions about each other, thus removing the barriers and occasion the way to an ever-deeper friendship.

Because friends love each other, one never attempts to force, coerce or operate the other to convert for the better. One friend only informs the other of the way he or she feels. Love will motivate the informed friend to convert him or herself for the better. Because friends love each other, they will never use each other as a means to an end - as a human reserved supply to be used and abused for self gain. A friend - as a costly sentient consciousness - is an end in him or herself. That end is the joy of sharing experiences and reciprocal love.

Let me know, what you have to say about it.

With lots of love and care,

Can a Male and Female be Just Friends?

Christmas Gift Ideas For the Elderly

It can be hard to buy Christmas gifts for the elderly citizen in our lives that we love. Many of these spectacular, citizen are not capable of participating in the hobbies they once did, they have all the household items they need and the clothing items they need. At first thought, we may be at a lost at what to buy them that they will not only like, but may absolutely need.

Yet, there are a estimate of different things you can buy and a estimate of different services you can offer or you can pay person else to do, that will not only brighten their holiday season, but may make their holiday season a wee easier for them.

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Here are a few suggestions.

--Offer to clean their house once a week or help them to voice their yard. If you don't have the time or think they would prefer a stranger to do these services for them, you could hire a cleaning assistance or a yard care assistance for them.

--Do you have a child in your household who all the time needs extra money? Is the child old adequate to wash dishes? Discuss the idea of the child going over to the house once or twice a week to the dishes for him/her. You pay the child.

--Do you love to bake or cook? Bake a cake, pie or get ready a meal for the person.

--Give a gift basket filled with bath supplies. Consist of items such as sponges, lotions and soaps. Make sure the products are filled with moisturizes. As we age, our skin becomes dryer and dry skin can come to be rough and irritated.

--Give food baskets filled with whatever from cookies, candies, meats, breads, wines, and crackers and cheeses and all things in between. Make sure whatever that needs to be refrigerated, gets refrigerated as soon as possible.

--Offer to take the person to the grocery store or even to do their grocery store shopping or them.

--Visit them early (before the absolutely Christmas holiday). Ask if they need help decorating. Give them a whole afternoon of your time. Be sure to also help put the decorations away after the holidays are finished.

--Would the person enjoy a massage? Do you have a massage therapist in town? Old bones tend to hurt, especially in the cold seasons.

--Want a gift they can unwrap? Think about warm robes, warm slippers and even warm throws. Yes, they may have these all ready. But with age these tend to lose their softness. Be sure to buy the softness one you can find.

--Check and see if the person still has a working article player. Yes, article player. Older citizen still have a variety of records from their past. But many may not have a working player. Yes, you can still buy these. Sometimes they come in combination packages that Consist of a Cd player and radio. If the records are in storage, offer to help the person get them out and then set up the player for them to enjoy.

It can be hard to buy for the elderly. For one thing, they may feel like they have all things they need and want. In some cases, they absolutely may have. But we still have to take the initiative and we still have to try and find a special Christmas gift and special gift ideas for the elderly citizen in our lives. It is one way we can show them how much we love and cherish them.

Christmas Gift Ideas For the Elderly

The Role and Responsibilities of a Supervisor

Introduction

Supervising is like parenting. These are two of the most leading jobs any one can do, but few people are adequately ready or trained to do them. Most people learn by trial and error with varying degrees of success. But both jobs are far too leading to be left to opening and the good news is that you can learn with some help and guidance how to be flourishing in them. This report will help you to be a more efficient and efficient supervisor.

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Supervisor's Role

The Role and Responsibilities of a Supervisor

In one sentence, write down what you think your main role as a supervisor is.
A role is a main performance or two that you are expensed with undertaking

The answers could be:
· Provide leadership and collaborative direction to my staff;

· To be a team leader

· To ensure my staff have the human and corporeal resources to undertake their work in an efficient manner
Supervisor's Responsibilities

Learning Activity

What are your main supervisory responsibilities in your present job?
List them on a detach piece of paper (you should have 8 to 12). It is sometimes easier to think of these under two main headings: (a) job linked and (b) people related.
Once you have a list, then rank them in order of importance.
When you have completed this activity, look at the examples other examples of supervisory responsibilities provided by the author.

Job Related

· Cost Control

· Equipment

· Goals

· Materials

· Plans

· Procedures

· Productivity

· Quality

· Standards

· Training

People Related

· Coaching

· Communicating

· Delegating

· Disciplining

· Leadership

· Managing yourself

· Motivating

· Supervising others

Learning Activity:

Current Obstacles & Challenges
What obstacles do you personally face now that makes it difficult for you to fulfil some of these responsibilities? They may stem (1) from you, (2) from your unit or (3) the assosication as a whole. List then and then rank them in order of importance:

New Ways of Supervising

Over the years, the role of a supervisor has changed significantly from being a top down, autocratic order-giver to a team leader, coach and motivator.

· from ordering to asking; and consulting.

· from telling to listening and request questions.

· from policing to coaching.

· from each person for himself to teamwork.

· from fear to mutual respect.

This change has come about, not because people are becoming "soft-hearted," but because it is now very clear that people are more efficient if they are happy, motivated and upbeat. This takes place in an employee-friendly environment. The change is one of enlightened self-interest on the part of managers who rule what training is standard for their supervisors. They know that happy employees are efficient employees.
Review and discuss about briefly the following chart "Leadership Styles"

Guidelines for Supervisory Behaviour

Without having a clear idea of what is standard behaviour for a supervisory, you are likely to model your behaviour after some role model in your life: a parent, a teacher, a boss. This could be good; but it could be disastrous if any of these people is dictatorial and demanding, or weak and indecisive.

A major advantage of this supervisory training agenda is that it provides you with guidelines about what is standard supervisory behaviour, and what is not. It also provides you with the skills to bring about this behavioural change. Once you know this, you will be more inevitable in what you do, as you won't be wondering whether you are taking the right action. Also, if you train with other people, you will all learn the same skill set and you will be able to help each other in the future when challenges arise.

Supervisor's Self-Assessment Survey

The Self-Assessment of Supervisory Knowledge, Skills and Attitudes inspect below may look formidable but it effectively outlines the areas that you need to eventually devotee in order to become an superior supervisor. Don't be dismayed, you don't have to devotee all these areas in a month or two. It will take time and you will need to systematically work away at one or two areas at a time.

Most supervisors get promoted because they are "good on the job." They are hard working, productive. Hopefully, they are also loyal to the business and a good team player. While this is a good start to being a good supervisor, there are other skills they need to originate in terms of leadership: how to inspire, motivate, coach, delegate, discipline, plan, team-build etc. This is what this agenda is about.

Self-Assessment inspect Directions

Read through the list below without marking it up, then the second time around, Put a Yes, No or Maybe to report what you think your skill or knowledge level is. This will give you a good idea where your strengths and weaknesses are

Supervisor's Self-Assessment Survey

Leadership

I have a clear comprehension of the Company's goals and objectives

I understand how my role fits into the goals of the Company

I have a clear vision of the objectives of my area

I divulge the business and area goals to the people under my administration (my team) on a quarterly basis

I give frequent feedback to the people in my team to encourage their amelioration and the achievement of their goals and objectives

I identify and celebrate the successes of those in my team

I feel that the people in the business are our most leading assets

I believe that I treat others as I would like to be treated myself

I consciously work at setting an example of efficient leadership

I am actively working on developing a inevitable self-image

My own enthusiasm is increasing the desire of my team to do better

Goal-setting

I have a written each year plan and personal operation goals which have been agreed upon by me and the person to whom I report

I work with my team regularly to help them set Smart goals that withhold their workplace development

I break down my each year goals into shorter-term goals

I divulge the develop of my goals regularly

I have a recipe for measuring and retention track of my goal achievement

I ensure that the members of my team know on a quarterly basis the status of the Company's goal achievement

My goals for myself as a Foreman and for my team tie into the Company's goals

I set goals that stretch and challenge me

I accomplish a high proportion of the goals I set

I enjoy challenges, and see them as opportunities for growth

Personal Productivity

I clearly understand my priorities

I spend only a small portion of my time in urgency management

I delegate work to others in an efficient manner

My area of responsibility runs smoothly when I am not there

I accept personal responsibility when I make a mistake

I ensure that meetings I run have a clear agenda and start and end on time

I plan my work in develop and work the plan

I rarely procrastinate or leave things to the last minute

I keep others informed, in advance, when I cannot meet their deadlines

Motivating Others

I give feedback on a timely basis

I know the people on my team well sufficient to understand what is leading to them

I believe in the abilities of people on my team and divulge my confidence in them

I supply (or am instrumental in obtaining) training for the people on my team that they need to originate the skills essential to do their job well

I ensure clear goals and expectations are set with those people who report to me

Morale in my group (team) is high

I always share credit for success

I ensure that people on my team are clear about what their responsibilities are

I ask questions and encourage people to find out answers to their concerns

I listen to the ideas of others

I am flexible in how things get done, providing the results are satisfactory

When things go wrong, I quiz, what I could have done differently. I share responsibility.

Coaching for Success

I coach my people to help them accomplish success in what they do

I supply one-on-one sessions with each person who reports to me

I ensure that while coaching sessions the other person(s) talk more than I do

I actually listen to understand the concerns of others

I help others to be self-aware of the areas in which they deed to improve or develop

I withhold the goals set by individuals on my team

I help members of my team to be accountable for their goals and performance

I deal openly, constructively and right away with any negative operation issues

I encourage and ask for feedback on my own operation from my team

Communications and building Relationships

I listen to understand the other person's perspective before I give mine

I always wait until others have closed talking before I speak; I don't interrupt

I spend time planning leading communications, written or oral

I originate strong business relationships with the people on my team as well as with suppliers and customers

When people bring to my attentiveness my own negative operation issues, I rejoinder in a non-defensive manner

I speak calmly to people, not raising my voice, regardless of the issue at hand

If I have an issue with someone, I always deal directly with them, I do not talk behind their back

I inspect others' non-verbal transportation to compare how they are actually feeling

I avow an open mind in most discussions

I seek and reconsider other people's opinions

Dealing with operation Issues

I deal with operation issues on a timely basis

I allow others to explain their viewpoint before arrival to a conclusion

I see dealing with negative issues as an opening to train and originate people

I make sure that clear expectations are set and agreed upon with the individual after a operation issue discussion

I am willing to accept that my perception of an issue may not always be right

I avoid argument, accusation and sarcasm

I encourage others on my team to be open about their mistakes so that we can make corrections and learn

Team building and Synergy

I see my position as Foreman as being a team leader and that those I supervise are all members of my team

I ensure that my team and it's members have clear goals and expectations

I am willing to delegate responsibility to team members

I give quarterly feedback to the members of my team; not just about negative issues but I also regularly tell members of my team when them have performed well

Others see me as a team player

I succeed through on commitments I make to team members

The results of team efforts are shared with members of the team (e.g. I do not take all the credit for my team's successes)

I actively promote team spirit and inevitable interpersonal relationships amongst the members of my team

As team leader, I move right away to discourage behaviour by individual(s) in my team when such behaviour has a negative impact on team-building (e.g. "turf wars," "inner circles," "behind-back gossip" etc.

Managing Stress

I am aware of what causes me stress on the job and I manage those situations

I observation when team members are under stress and help them to deal with the situation

I discuss my concerns and problems with the person to whom I report

I do not take my work problems home, nor do I bring my home problems to work

I use small amounts of stress as a motivator

I enjoy most of the work I do

I strive to avow a good balance in the middle of my workplace life and my home life

I eat a balanced diet

I rehearsal regularly

Enhancing future Results

I am continually upgrading my skills

I am aware of areas I need to improve

I ask guidance from people with more experience

I admit when I do not know something

I invest time in training or coaching others

I spend time weekly to study or read

I ask others regularly how they think I could improve

That is the windup of this report which I hope you have found helpful and informative.

Do check out my website too although it is not directly linked to this subject, you may also find it interesting
http://www.ehomebiz.org

The Role and Responsibilities of a Supervisor