Introduction
It is believed that the name Pentateuch "the first five books of the Old Testament, the book of the Law" (The Columbia Viking Desk Encyclopaedia, 1964, p.1402) was first found in the letter of Elora of a second century Gnostic, Ptolemy and passed into Christian use. These books are called The Law (Torah) or the Law of Moses by the Jews. (Everyman's Encyclopedia, 1978). It would be difficult to overestimate the role that the Pentateuch has played in the policy of biblical scholarship. In all likelihood, these first five books in the Bible - Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy- have been subjected to scrutiny more than any single block, with the sole potential irregularity of the Gospels (Knight and Tucker, 1985).
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Origin
The word Pentateuch derives from the Greek pentateuchos "five-volumed (book)", following the Jewish designation "the five-fifths of the law". Jews call it the Torah, that is instruction, often rendered in English Law as it is called in the New Testament (Greek nomon; example, Matt. 5:17; Luke 16:17; Acts 7:53; 1 Cor. 9:8). agreeing to Lasor, Hubbard and Bush (1982), the Pentateuch was "the most foremost department of the Jewish canon, with an authority and sanctity far exceeding that attributed to the prophets and writing" (p.54). They seek that the books of the Pentateuch are not 'books' in the modern sense of independent self-contained entries, but were purposefully structured and intended as part of a larger unity; therefore the term Pentateuch is not only convenient but necessary. However, granted this fact of the unity of the larger corpus, the conventional five-fold department is foremost not simply as a convenient means of reference to the material, but because there is clear editorial evidence establishing just these five books as genuine subdivisions of the material. Despite marks of real disparity and complexity in buildings and origins, far more primary and foremost is the overarching unity which the Pentateuch evidences. A specific reading of the Pentateuch will reveal, beside a definite unity of purpose, plan and arrangement, a diversity - a complexity - that is equally striking.
Authorship
The primary view agreeing to Halley (1962) is that "Moses wrote the Pentateuch substantially...with the irregularity of the few verses at the close which give an account of his death, and occasional interpolations made by copyists for explanatory purposes" (p.56). This is in consonance with the view of Childs (1979). A modern principal view is that of a composite work of discrete scholars of priests made about the eighth century B.C., for partisan purposes, based on oral traditions, the principal redactors of which are called J (for Jahweh/Yahweh, the personal name of God), E (for Elohim, a generic name for God), D (for Deuteronomic) and P (for priestly). Each is claimed to be unique. However, "this view is not supported by conclusive study or evidence, and arduous archaeological and literary study has tended to undercut many of the arguments used to challenge Mosaic authorship" (The Niv Study Bible, 1984, p.2). Jews and Christians alike have held Moses to be the author/compiler of the Pentateuch.
Contents
The Pentateuch consists of the first five afore-mentioned books of the Bible. It must be observed that the first phrase in the Hebrew text of Genesis 1:1 is bereshith [in (the) beginning] which is also the Hebrew title of the book. The English title, Genesis, is Greek in origin and is derived from geneseos 'birth', 'genealogy' or 'history of origin'. Genesis therefore appropriately describes its contents since it is primarily a book of beginnings. 'Exodus' is a Latin word from Greek exodos, meaning 'exit', 'departure'. Leviticus receives its name from the Greek translation of the Old Testament (Septuagint) meaning 'relating to the Levites'. It mainly concerns the aid of worship at the tabernacle which was conducted by the priests who were the sons of Aaron, assisted by many from the rest of the tribe of Levi. Exodus gave the directions for construction the tabernacle and Leviticus the laws and regulations for worship there including instructions on ceremonial cleanness, moral laws, holy days, the Sabbath year and the Year of the Jubilee. The English name of the book Numbers comes from the Septuagint and is based on the census lists found in it. The Hebrew title of the book (bedmidbar, 'in the desert'), is more descriptive of its contents. It presents an account of the thirty-eight year period of Israel's wandering in the desert following the making ready of the covenant of Sinai. The word 'Deuteronomy' (meaning the repetition of the law'), the name of the last book of the Pentateuch, arose from a mistranslation in the Greek Septuagint and the Latin Vulgate of a phrase in Deuteronomy 17:18, which in Hebrew means 'copy of the law'. The error is not serious any way since Deuteronomy is, in a safe bet sense, a repetition of the law.
Generally, the unity of the Pentateuch must be stressed when discussing the content. This is created by an interest in the historical narrative forming the Pentateuch's backbone and framework and into which the blocks of legal texts have been placed. A clue to this narrative's central role and importance is the fact that the Old Testament events most oftentimes cited in the New Testament as the background and making ready for God's work in Christ are actually that sequence of divine acts from Abraham's call straight through the kingship of David. Summaries or 'confession' of this sequence of divine acts plays a central role in Scripture. The basic details confessing God's rescue acts on profit of His citizen could be descriptive thus:
i. God chose Abraham his descendants (Acts 13:17; Josh.24:3) and promised them the land of Canaan (Deut. 6:23)
ii. Israel went down into Egypt (Acts 13:17; Josh. 24:5-7; Deut. 6:21ff; 28:8)
iii. God brought Israel into Canaan as promised (Acts 13:19; Josh.24:11-13; Deut. 6:23; 26:9).
This is but the narrative backbone of the Pentateuch in miniature. The plan that unifies the distinct elements forming the construction blocks of the Pentateuch includes: promise, election, deliverance, covenant, law and land. It is realistically observed that "the one element universally gift and central to these credos...is the Exodus, representing Yahweh's deliverance and the historical realization of His selection of Israel as His people" (Lasor, Hubbard, Bush, 1982, p.55).
The Pentateuch has two major divisions: Genesis 1-11 and Genesis 12- Deuteronomy 34. The relation between them is one inquire and answer, question and solution; the clue is Genesis 12:3. This buildings not only elucidates the binding unity of the Pentateuch but also reveals that the buildings began stretches far beyond the Pentateuch itself. The end and fulfillment lie beyond Deuteronomy 34 - actually beyond the Old Testament. It could be safely asserted that probably no where does the Old Testament set forth an ultimate explication to the universal question which Genesis 1-11 so poignantly portrays. The Old Testament actually does not arrive at full redemption. When the Old Testament ends, Israel is still looking for the final consummation when hope shall be fulfilled and promise come to be fact. The juncture of Genesis 10-11 and chapters 12ff., is not only one of the most foremost places in the whole Old Testament but one of the most foremost in the whole Bible. Here begins the redemptive history that awaits the declaration of the good news of God's new redemptive act in Jesus Christ; only then will be found the way in which the blessing of Abraham will bless all the families of the earth. The Pentateuch is truly open-ended, for the salvation history which commenced awaits the consummation in the Son of Abraham (Matt. 1:1) who draws all citizen to Him (John 12:32) punctuating the alienation of humanity from God and from one another.
Purpose
The purpose of the Pentateuch was a foremost into the realization by God that He was the creator and Sustainer of the universe as well as the Ruler of History. It testifies to God's rescue acts, the central act being the exodus from Egypt. God invaded the consciousness of the Israelites and revealed Himself as the redeeming God. Knowledge of God as Redeemer subsequently led to a knowledge of Him as Creator; understanding the Lord as the God of grace consequently prompted an understanding as the God of nature after He displayed operate over nature as evidenced in the plagues, the crossing of the Red Sea and sustenance in the wilderness. It must be stressed that God's grace was clear not only in deliverance and guidance, but in the giving of the law and the initiation of the covenant. Israel's supposed pledge of obedience, oath of loyalty to God and His will is her response. One must hasten to note that this response is a gift of God's grace. The Pentateuch stands or better still possesses a rich inner unity recording God's revelation in history and His Lordship over history and testifying to Israel's response and disobedience. It generally witnesses to God's holiness which "separates Him from men, and His gracious love, which binds Him to them on His terms" (New Bible Dictionary, 1962, p.909).
Themes
Although any themes could be identified between Genesis and Deuteronomy, unique but inter-related, intertwined and invaluable ones could be identified. These consist of election, creation, fall/sin, covenant, law and exodus. Israel was God's elect. agreeing to Stott (1988), the Bible is "sacred history - the story of God's dealing with a single citizen for a single purpose" (p.45). They were convinced that God had done this for no other nation (Ps. 147:20). Great thinkers of Greece (including Plato, Socrates and Aristotle) are not the focus but scriptural narrative concentrates on men like Abraham, Moses, David, Isaiah and the prophets to whom the word of the Lord came, and on Jesus Christ, God's Word made flesh. Abraham's call has a gift day importance to us and should not be slightly regarded as an event of the past. selection - God's extra selection of individuals- basically contains two subsidiary features; promise and responsibility. Abraham is promised descendants, given the land of Canaan as his children's patrimony and promised a great name in the future. God's extra favour was to rest not only on Abraham and his family but to all men straight through him (Gal. 3:29).
God's promises to Abraham therefore were not for the selfish enjoyment of a excellent few but could benefit others if used responsibly. It is incontrovertible that God's selection of Israel has a missionary purpose. A covenant, in the Hebrew context, covered all human relationships and not a tiny definition of a matter of legal documents and sealing-wax in the modern mind. This bond united citizen in mutual obligations. Naturally, people's relationship to God should be expressed in covenant terms. covenant terms could be used to recap three unique occasions in the Pentateuch:
i. God's promises never again to destroy the world with a flood (Gen. 9:9)
ii. God's promises to Abram (Gen. 15:18; 17:4)
iii. The Sinai covenant established with Moses and summarized in the 'book of the covenant' (Ex.24:4).
It must be borne in mind that although covenants were generally between equals, religiously it denotes a relationship between creator and a lesser partner. However, the theological importance of the covenant must be highlighted. Based on initiative of God and implying a new revelation of the Creator, it made moral and ritual demands upon the people.
Taylor (1973) realistically observes that "the idea of law is central to the Pentateuch and...it gives its name to the book as a whole" (p.124). It basically covers the Ten Commandments (Decalogue - Ex. 20; Deut.5) and associates with these discrete collections of laws classified as:
i. The book of the covenant (Ex. 21-23)
ii. The Holiness Code (Lev. 17:26)
iii. The Law of Deuteronomy (Deut. 12:26)
Since Israel was part of the Eastern Mediterranean culture and shared in the ideas and experience of her neighbours, any similarities could be noted especially with the Code of Hammurabi. The differences any way made Israel's laws distinctive. They could be summarized thus:
i. Uncompromising monotheism (that is relating everything to the one true God)
ii. Remarkable concern for slaves, strangers, women and orphans (the underprivileged)
iii. Community spirit based on the covenant relationship shared by all Israel with the Lord
In a great summary, Cornfeld (1961) observed that "Hebrew law appears from its earliest times to stand on a higher ethical level and postulates moral human relationship which do not seem to be equalled in other Near Eastern Legislations" (p.213). Israel must coming God with a due sense of His moral and spiritual distinctiveness. The explain sacrificial principles generally found its fulfilment in the solitary sell out of Christ - the excellent Lamb of God- straight through whom sins are not only forgiven but atonement made for all men eternally (Heb. 10:1-18).
The exodus must be put in permissible perspective. Described in Exodus 1-12, the Jews view it as the great intervention or rescue act of God which later generations reminisced. This miraculous intervention was God's act of victory of the gods displaying total supremacy. Recalled annually in the Feast of the Passover, subsequent generations were reminded that they were initially members of a slave community mercifully redeemed from bondage. They were encouraged to use this as a deterrent, especially when curses recompense disobedience. The historical importance was definitive. God could repeat His first act. In Isaiah 51:9-11, Israel looked for a second exodus while in exile in Babylon.
The afore-mentioned themes are never submerged in the Pentateuch. Probably, the only other theme (which recurs in depressing regularity) is Israel's obstinate and persistent sinfulness. Among other things, they were slow to accept Moses as their deliverer, grumbled about hardship and desired to 'go back to Egypt'. Not even Moses was immune and was punished by not being allowed to lead God's citizen in the promised land.
Conclusion
Together, the five books trace Israel's origin from the earliest times, straight through the patriarchs; then the Exodus and Sinai periods prior to the entry to Canaan; they also consist of much legal instruction. God's response to sin is consistently a blend of judgement and mercy. Beyond the immediate discipline of Adam and Eve, and confusion of tongues at Babel, God tempers justice with salvation. It is understandable therefore that in spite of man's path, God called Abraham to be the channel of grace and revelation to all mankind.
Bibliography
Childs, B. (1979). Introduction to the Old Testament as Scripture. Philadelphia: Fortress Press.
The Columbia-Viking Desk Encyclopedia (1964). New York: Dell Publishing Co.
Cornfeld, G. (1961). Adam to Daniel. New York: The Macmillan Company.
Everyman's Encyclopedia, Vol. 1. (1979). London : Dent and Sons.
Halley, H.H. (1962). Halley's Pocket Bible Handbook: An Abbreviated Bible Commentary. Minnesota:
Zondervan Publishing.
Knight, D.A. And G.M. Tucker (1985). The Hebrew Bible and its modern Interpreters. Minnesota:
Fortress Press.
Lasor, W.S., D.A. Hubbard and F.W. Bush (1982). Old Testament Survey: The Message, Form and
Background to the Old Testament. Michigan: Williams B. Eerdmans Publishing Co.
The New Bible Dictionary (1962). London: The Inter-Varsity Fellowship.
Niv Study Bible (1984). Michigan: Zondervan Publishing House.
Stott, J. (1988). understanding the Bible. London: Scripture Union.
Taylor, J. (1973). The Five Books. In The Lion Handbook to the Bible. Herts: Lion Publishing.
The Pentateuch, Law of Moses or Torah
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